Ibihugu byinshi byo muri Amerika byanzuye ko izuba, umuyaga n’andi masoko y’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu bishobora kuba bidahagije kugira ngo bikomeze amashanyarazi kuko bashaka kugabanya cyane ikoreshwa ry’ibicanwa by’ibinyabuzima.
ITANGAZO, RI - Mu gihe imihindagurikire y’ikirere itera ibihugu by’Amerika kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibicanwa by’ibinyabuzima, benshi bemeje ko izuba, umuyaga n’andi masoko y’ingufu zishobora kutazaba bihagije kugira ngo ibintu bikomeze.
Mu gihe ibihugu bigenda biva mu makara, peteroli na gaze kugira ngo bigabanye ibyuka bihumanya ikirere kandi birinde ingaruka mbi z’umubumbe ushyushye, ingufu za kirimbuzi ziragenda zigaragara nk'igisubizo cyo kuziba icyuho. Inyungu nshya zatewe n'ingufu za kirimbuzi ziza mu gihe ibigo birimo Bill washinze Microsoft Bill Amarembo arimo gukora reaction ntoya, ihendutse kugirango yongere amashanyarazi mumiryango yo muri Amerika
amatara y'izuba
Imbaraga za kirimbuzi zifite ibibazo byazo byihariye, cyane cyane imyanda ikoreshwa na radiyo ishobora gukomeza kuba akaga mu myaka ibihumbi. Ariko abayishyigikiye bavuga ko ingaruka zishobora kugabanuka, kandi ingufu zikaba ari ingenzi mu guhagarika amashanyarazi kuko isi igerageza kwikuramo dioxyde de carbone- gusohora ibicanwa.
Jeff Lyash, perezida akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru w'ikigo cya Tennessee Valley Authority, yabivuze muri make: Nta kugabanuka gukabije kwangiza imyuka ya karubone idafite ingufu za kirimbuzi.
Lyash yagize ati: "Kugeza ubu, simbona inzira izatugeza aho tutagumije amato agezweho kandi twubaka ibikoresho bishya bya kirimbuzi." Ibyo ni nyuma yo kongera ingufu z'izuba dushobora kubaka muri sisitemu. ”
TVA n’ingirakamaro ifitwe na federasiyo itanga amashanyarazi muri leta zirindwi kandi niyo ya gatatu itanga amashanyarazi muri Amerika.Bizongera megawatt zigera ku 10,000 z'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba bitarenze 2035 - bihagije kugira ngo amazu agera kuri miliyoni imwe ku mwaka - kandi akore atatu amashanyarazi ya kirimbuzi kandi arateganya kugerageza reakteri ntoya muri Oak Ridge, muri Tennesse.Mu 2050, irizera ko izagera kuri zeru zeru, bivuze ko nta myuka ihumanya ikirere ikorwa kuruta gukurwa mu kirere.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Associated Press kuri politiki y’ingufu muri leta zose uko ari 50 n’akarere ka Columbiya bwerekanye ko umubare munini (hafi bibiri bya gatatu) bemeza ko ingufu za kirimbuzi zizafasha gusimbuza ibicanwa by’ibinyabuzima mu buryo bumwe cyangwa ubundi. Umuvuduko w’ingufu za kirimbuzi ushobora kuganisha kuri kwaguka bwa mbere kubaka reaction ya nucleaire muri Amerika mumyaka irenga mirongo itatu.
Hafi ya kimwe cya gatatu cy’ibihugu n’akarere ka Columbiya bitabiriye ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na AP bavuze ko nta gahunda bafite yo gushyira ingufu za kirimbuzi mu ntego z’ingufu z’icyatsi kibisi, bashingiye cyane ku mbaraga zishobora kongera ingufu.Abayobozi bashinzwe ingufu muri ibyo bihugu bavuga ko intego zabo zishobora kugerwaho kubera iterambere mu kubika ingufu za batiri, ishoramari muri interineti ihuza amashanyarazi menshi, kugabanya ibyifuzo bituruka ku ngomero z’amashanyarazi n’ingufu zikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi.
amatara y'izuba
Amacakubiri y’ibihugu by’Amerika ku ndorerwamo y’ingufu za kirimbuzi impaka zisa nazo zibera mu Burayi, aho ibihugu birimo Ubudage byahagaritse reaction zabo ndetse n’abandi nk’Ubufaransa, bigakurikiza ikoranabuhanga cyangwa bitegura kubaka byinshi.
Ubuyobozi bwa Biden bwashatse gufata ingamba zigamije kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, buvuga ko ingufu za kirimbuzi zishobora gufasha kwishyura igabanuka ry’ibicanwa bishingiye kuri karubone muri gride y’ingufu z’Amerika.
Umunyamabanga wa Leta ushinzwe ingufu muri Amerika, Jennifer Granholm, yatangarije ibiro ntaramakuru by'Abanyamerika ko guverinoma ishaka kugera ku mashanyarazi ya zero-karubone, “bisobanura ingufu za kirimbuzi, bisobanura hydro, bisobanura geothermal, bivuze ko bisobanura umuyaga n'umuyaga wo ku nyanja, bisobanura izuba.. ”
Mu Kuboza Granholm yagize ati: "Turashaka ko byose."
Porogaramu y'ibikorwa remezo ya tiriyari imwe y'amadorali Biden yashyigikiye kandi ashyirwaho umukono mu itegeko umwaka ushize izatanga amafaranga agera kuri miliyari 2.5 z'amadorari mu mishinga yo kwerekana amashanyarazi yateye imbere. Ishami ry’ingufu ryavuze ko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na kaminuza ya Princeton hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika bwerekanye ko ingufu za kirimbuzi ari ngombwa kugira ngo ugere kuri karubone- ejo hazaza.
Granholm yavuze kandi ikoranabuhanga rishya ririmo hydrogène no gufata no kubika dioxyde de carbone mbere yuko irekurwa mu kirere.
Umuyobozi w’ishyirahamwe ry’ingufu za kirimbuzi, Maria Kornick, yatangaje ko amashanyarazi ya kirimbuzi amaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo akora mu buryo bwizewe kandi nta karubone, kandi ibiganiro by’imihindagurikire y’ikirere muri iki gihe bizana inyungu z’ingufu za kirimbuzi.
Ati: "Igipimo cy'uru ruganda muri Amerika, rukeneye ikintu gihora gihari, kandi gikeneye ikintu gishobora kuba inkingi y'uru ruganda, niba ubishaka." Niyo mpamvu ikorana n'umuyaga, izuba ndetse kirimbuzi. ”
Edwin Lyman, umuyobozi w’umutekano w’ingufu za kirimbuzi mu ihuriro ry’abahanga mu bya siyanse, yavuze ko ikoranabuhanga rya kirimbuzi rigifite ingaruka zikomeye ku zindi nkomoko y’ingufu za karubone nkeya. amashanyarazi ahenze, yavuze. Afite kandi impungenge ko inganda zishobora guca inguni ku mutekano n’umutekano kugira ngo zibike amafaranga kandi zirushanwe ku isoko. Iri tsinda ntabwo rirwanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu za kirimbuzi, ahubwo rirashaka kumenya neza ko rifite umutekano.
Lyman yagize ati: "Ntabwo nizeye ko tuzabona umutekano ukwiye n'ibisabwa mu mutekano byanyorohereza no kwemerwa cyangwa koherezwa muri ibyo bita reakteri ntoya mu gihugu hose."
Lyman yavuze ko Amerika kandi idafite gahunda ndende yo gucunga cyangwa kujugunya imyanda ishobora guteza akaga ishobora kuba mu bidukikije mu myaka ibihumbi magana, kandi imyanda ndetse na reaktor byugarijwe n'impanuka cyangwa ibitero byibasiwe, Lyman. 2011 ibiza bya kirimbuzi ku kirwa cya Three Mile, Pennsylvania, Chernobyl, na vuba aha, Fukushima, mu Buyapani, byatanze umuburo urambye w'akaga.
Imbaraga za kirimbuzi zimaze gutanga hafi 20 ku ijana by'amashanyarazi yo muri Amerika hamwe na kimwe cya kabiri cy'ingufu zitagira karuboni zo muri Amerika. Byinshi mu byuma bikora 93 byo muri iki gihugu biherereye mu burasirazuba bw'umugezi wa Mississippi.
Muri Kanama 2020, Komisiyo ishinzwe kugenzura ibikorwa bya kirimbuzi yemeje igishushanyo mbonera kimwe gusa gishya cya moderi - kiva mu isosiyete yitwa NuScale Power. Andi masosiyete atatu yabwiye komite ko bateganya gusaba ibishushanyo byabo. Bose bakoresha amazi kugira ngo bakonje intangiriro.
Biteganijwe ko NRC izatanga ibishushanyo mbonera bigera kuri kimwe cya kabiri cyimyororokere yateye imbere ikoresha ibintu bitari amazi kugirango ikonje intungamubiri, nka gaze, ibyuma byamazi cyangwa umunyu ushongeshejwe.Ibyo birimo umushinga w’isosiyete ya Gatesi TerraPower i Wyoming, amakara manini cyane -igihugu gitanga umusaruro muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika.Bimaze igihe kinini bishingiye ku makara kububasha nakazi ndetse no kubyohereza muri kimwe cya kabiri cya leta.
Mu gihe ibikorwa rusange biva mu makara, Wyoming ikoresha ingufu z'umuyaga kandi igashyiraho ingufu za gatatu mu bunini bw’umuyaga muri Leta iyo ari yo yose mu 2020, inyuma ya Texas na Iowa gusa. Ariko Glenn Murrell, umuyobozi mukuru w’ishami ry’ingufu rya Wyoming, yavuze ko bidashoboka kwitega ko byose ingufu z'igihugu zigomba gutangwa rwose n'umuyaga n'izuba.Ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu zigomba gukorana n’ikoranabuhanga nka kirimbuzi na hydrogène.
TerraPower irateganya kubaka uruganda rwayo rwo kwerekana amashanyarazi rugezweho i Kemmerer, umujyi utuwe n'abantu 2700 mu burengerazuba bwa Wyoming, aho uruganda rukora amashanyarazi ruhagarara. Iyi reakteri ikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya sodium, reaction ikonjesha sodium ikoresheje uburyo bwo kubika ingufu.
Mu burengerazuba bwa Virginie, ikindi gihugu gishingiye ku makara, abadepite bamwe bagerageza gukuraho ihagarikwa rya leta ryo kubaka ibikoresho bishya bya kirimbuzi.
Iyubakwa rya kabiri ryakozwe na TerraPower rizubakwa muri Laboratwari yigihugu ya Idaho. Ubushakashatsi bwa chloride ya chloride yashongeshejwe buzaba bufite intangiriro ntoya nka firigo hamwe nu munyu ushongeshejwe kugirango ukonje aho kuba amazi.
Mu bindi bihugu bishyigikira ingufu za kirimbuzi, Jeworujiya ishimangira ko kwagura ingufu za kirimbuzi “bizaha Jeworujiya ingufu zihagije” mu myaka 60 kugeza 80. Jeworujiya ifite umushinga wa kirimbuzi wonyine urimo kubakwa muri Amerika - kwagura uruganda rwa Vogtle ruva mu binini bibiri gakondo reaction kuri bane. Igiciro cyose ubu kirenze inshuro ebyiri miliyari 14 z'amadolari ya mbere, kandi umushinga uri inyuma yigihe giteganijwe.
New Hampshire ivuga ko intego z’ibidukikije z’akarere zidashobora kugerwaho ku buryo budafite ingufu za kirimbuzi. Ikigo cy’ingufu cya Alaska giteganya gukoresha amashanyarazi mato mato kuva mu 2007, bishoboka ko ari ubwa mbere mu birombe bya kure ndetse n’ibirindiro bya gisirikare.
Ikigo cy’ingufu cya Maryland cyavuze ko mu gihe intego zose z’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa zishimirwa kandi n’ibiciro bikagabanuka, “ku gihe kiri imbere, tuzakenera ibicanwa bitandukanye,” harimo ingufu za gaze ya kirimbuzi n’isuku, kugira ngo twizere kandi byoroshye.Hariho a uruganda rukora ingufu za kirimbuzi muri Maryland, hamwe n’ubuyobozi bushinzwe ingufu biri mu biganiro nuwakoze inganda ntoya.
Abandi bayobozi, cyane cyane mu bihugu biyobowe na Demokarasi, bavuga ko barenze ingufu za kirimbuzi. Bamwe bavuga ko batayishingikirije cyane guhera mu ntangiriro kandi ntibatekereza ko ikenewe mu gihe kizaza.
Bavuga ko ugereranije no gushyiramo ingufu z'umuyaga cyangwa imirasire y'izuba, ikiguzi cya reakteri nshya, impungenge z'umutekano ndetse n'ibibazo bitarakemuka bijyanye n'uburyo bwo kubika imyanda ya kirimbuzi ishobora guteza akaga ni amasezerano yangiza, impungenge. Club ya Sierra yabasobanuye nk "ibyago byinshi, igiciro kinini kandi biteye amakenga".
Leta ya New York ifite intego zikomeye z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere muri iki gihugu, kandi umuyoboro w’ingufu w’ejo hazaza uzaba wiganjemo ingufu z’umuyaga, izuba n’amashanyarazi, nk'uko byatangajwe na Doreen Harris, perezida akaba n’umuyobozi mukuru w’ikigo gishinzwe ubushakashatsi n’iterambere rya Leta ya New York.
Harris yavuze ko abona ejo hazaza harenze ingufu za kirimbuzi, kuva kuri 30% by'ingufu za leta zivanze uyu munsi zikagera kuri 5%, ariko leta izakenera ububiko bwa batiri buteye imbere, bumara igihe kirekire kandi wenda busukuye nka peteroli ya hydrogen.
Nevada yita cyane cyane ku mbaraga za kirimbuzi nyuma y’umugambi wananiwe kubika ibicuruzwa bya leta byakoreshejwe mu bicuruzwa bya kirimbuzi byakoreshejwe ku musozi wa Yucca. Abayobozi baho ntibabona ingufu za kirimbuzi ari amahitamo meza. Ahubwo, babona ubushobozi mu ikoranabuhanga rya batiri ryo kubika ingufu n’ingufu za geothermal.
Umuyobozi w'ikigo gishinzwe ingufu cya Nevada, David Bozien, mu ijambo rye yagize ati: "Nevada yumva neza kurusha ibindi bihugu byinshi ko ikoranabuhanga rya kirimbuzi rifite ibibazo by'ubuzima bukomeye." . ”
Californiya irateganya gufunga uruganda rukora ingufu za kirimbuzi rwa nyuma rusigaye, Diablo Canyon, mu 2025 kuko ruhindura ingufu zihenze zishobora kuvugururwa kugira ngo rukoreshe amashanyarazi mu 2045.
Nk’uko leta ibivuga, abayobozi bemeza ko niba Californiya ikomeje kwagura amashanyarazi asukuye ku “gipimo cyanditse mu myaka 25 iri imbere,” cyangwa kubaka impuzandengo ya gigawati 6 z'umutungo mushya w'izuba, umuyaga na batiri buri mwaka, abayobozi bemeza ko babikora irashobora kugera kuriyi ntego.inyandiko yo gutegura.Californiya nayo itumiza amashanyarazi yakozwe mubindi bihugu nkigice cya sisitemu ya gride yo muri Amerika yuburengerazuba.
Abakekeranya bibaza niba gahunda ya Kaliforuniya yuzuye y’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa izakora muri leta y’abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 40.
Gutinda ikiruhuko cy'izabukuru kwa Diablo Canyon kugeza mu 2035 bizakiza Californiya miliyari 2.6 z'amadolari y'amashanyarazi, bigabanya amahirwe yo kuzimya no kohereza imyuka ihumanya ikirere, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'abahanga bo muri kaminuza ya Stanford na MIT bwasoje.Ubwo ubushakashatsi bwashyizwe ahagaragara mu Gushyingo, uwahoze ari Minisitiri w’ingufu muri Amerika Steven Chu yavuze ko Amerika ititeguye ingufu z'amashanyarazi 100% vuba aha.
Ati: "Bizaba igihe umuyaga udahuha kandi izuba ntirirasa." Kandi tuzakenera imbaraga dushobora gufungura no kohereza uko bishakiye.Ibyo bisiga ibintu bibiri: ibicanwa biva mu kirere cyangwa ibisasu bya kirimbuzi. ”
Ariko komisiyo ishinzwe ibikorwa rusange muri leta ya Californiya yavuze ko nyuma ya 2025, Diablo Canyon ishobora gusaba “kuzamura imitingito” ndetse no guhindura uburyo bwo gukonjesha bushobora gutwara amadolari arenga miliyari imwe. guhaza ibyo leta ikeneye igihe kirekire.
Jason Bordorf, umuyobozi washinze ikigo cy’ikirere cya Columbia, yavuze ko nubwo gahunda ya Californiya “ishoboka mu buryo bwa tekiniki,” ashidikanya kubera imbogamizi zo kubaka ingufu z’amashanyarazi zishobora kuvugururwa vuba.igitsina.Bordoff yavuze ko hari "impamvu zifatika" zo gutekereza kwagura ubuzima bwa Dark Canyon kugirango igabanye ingufu kandi igabanye ibyuka bihumanya vuba bishoboka.
Ati: “Tugomba gushyiramo ingufu za kirimbuzi mu buryo bwemera ko bidashoboka.Ariko ingaruka zo kunanirwa kugera ku ntego z’ikirere zirenze ibyago byo kwinjiza ingufu za kirimbuzi mu ruvange rwa zero-karubone ”.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-22-2022
