Uko umuco ugenda wiyongera, imbaraga zikenewe kugirango dushyigikire imibereho yacu ziyongera buri munsi, bidusaba gushakisha uburyo bushya kandi bushya bwo gukoresha umutungo wacu ushobora kuvugururwa nkumucyo wizuba, kugirango dushyireho ingufu kugirango societe yacu ikomeze gutera imbere.
Imirasire y'izuba yatanze kandi ituma ubuzima ku isi yacu bumara ibinyejana byinshi.Nubwo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye, izuba ryemerera kubyara amasoko yingufu hafi ya zose zizwi nka lisansi y’ibinyabuzima, hydro, umuyaga, biomass, nibindi .Nuko umuco ugenda wiyongera, imbaraga zikenewe mu gushyigikira imibereho yacu yiyongera burimunsi, idusaba gushakisha uburyo bushya kandi bushya bwo gukoresha umutungo wacu mushya, nkumucyo wizuba, kugirango dushyireho ingufu kugirango societe yacu ikomeze Iterambere.
Kera nko ku isi ya kera twashoboye kubaho ku mbaraga z'izuba, dukoresheje urumuri rw'izuba nk'isoko y'ingufu byaturutse mu nyubako zubatswe mu myaka irenga 6.000 ishize, mu kwerekeza inzu ku buryo urumuri rw'izuba runyura mu mwobo ukora nk'uburyo bwo gushyushya .Hashize imyaka ibihumbi, Abanyamisiri n'Abagereki bakoresheje ubwo buryo kugira ngo amazu yabo akonje mu gihe cy'izuba babirinda izuba [1] .Idirishya rinini rya pane rikoreshwa nk'amadirishya y’izuba, bituma ubushyuhe buturuka ku zuba bwinjira ariko bugafatwa ubushyuhe imbere.Umucyo ntiwari nkenerwa gusa mubushuhe bwatangaga mwisi ya kera, ariko kandi wanakoreshejwe mukubungabunga no kubungabunga ibiryo binyuze mumunyu.Mu munyu, izuba rikoreshwa muguhumeka amazi yinyanja yubumara no kubona umunyu, byegeranijwe .er ukoresheje imirasire yizuba no kwemerera ibisubizo bya tekiniki gukoresha imashini zidoda [1] .Mu gihe cya Revolution Revolution yinganda, W. Adams yakoze icyitwa ubu izuba ryizuba.Iyi furu ifite indorerwamo umunani zifeza zerekana ibirahuri bigize indorerwamo ya octagonal.Izuba ni byegeranijwe nindorerwamo mubisanduku bitwikiriye ikirahure aho isafuriya izashyirwa hanyuma ikareka ikabira [1] .Byihuse imbere yimyaka magana make kandi moteri yizuba yubatswe ahagana mu 1882 [1] .Abel Pifre yakoresheje indorerwamo ifatanye 3.5 m ya diametre akayibanda kuri silindrike yamashanyarazi yabyaye ingufu zihagije zo gutwara imashini icapa.
Mu 2004, uruganda rukora amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba rwa mbere ku isi rwitwa Planta Solar 10 rwashinzwe i Seville, muri Esipanye. Umucyo ugaragarira ku munara wa metero zigera kuri 624, aho imashini zikoresha izuba zishyirwaho na turbine hamwe na generator.Ibyo birashobora kubyara ingufu guha amashanyarazi amazu arenga 5.500. Hafi yimyaka icumi ishize, muri 2014, uruganda runini rukomoka ku mirasire y’izuba ku isi rwafunguye muri Californiya, muri Amerika. 1].
Ntabwo inganda zubakwa kandi zigakoreshwa gusa, ahubwo abaguzi mumaduka acuruza nabo barimo gukora ikoranabuhanga rishya. Imirasire y'izuba yatangiriye bwa mbere, ndetse n’imodoka zikoresha izuba zikoreshwa, ariko kimwe mubikorwa bigezweho bitaratangazwa ni izuba rishya- ikoresha tekinoroji ishobora kwambara.Mu guhuza USB cyangwa ibindi bikoresho, itanga guhuza kuva kumyenda kugera kubikoresho nkamasoko, terefone na gutwi, bishobora kwishyurwa mugenda. Gusa mumyaka mike ishize, itsinda ryabashakashatsi b'Abayapani i Riken Ikigo na Torah Industries cyasobanuye iterambere ry’ingirabuzimafatizo ntoya izashyushya imyenda ku myenda, bigatuma ingirabuzimafatizo zikuramo ingufu z'izuba kandi zikayikoresha nk'isoko ry'ingufu [2]. gutuza no guhinduka kugeza kuri 120 ° Cituze rya vironmental hamwe nimbaraga zo guhindura imbaraga, hanyuma impande zombi zakagari zipfundikirwa na elastomer, ibintu bisa na reberi [3] .Mu gikorwa, bakoresheje ibice bibiri byabanje kuramburwa 500-micron-yuburebure bwa acrylic elastomers yemerera urumuri kwinjira selile ariko ikabuza amazi numwuka kwinjira muri selile. Gukoresha iyi elastomer bifasha kugabanya iyangirika rya bateri ubwayo no kuramba [3].
Imwe mu ngaruka zagaragaye cyane mu nganda ni amazi. Kwangirika kw'utugingo ngengabuzima bishobora guterwa n'impamvu zitandukanye, ariko igikomeye ni amazi, umwanzi uhuriweho n'ikoranabuhanga iryo ari ryo ryose. Ubushuhe bukabije no kumara igihe kinini mu kirere bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku mikorere by'ingirabuzimafatizo ngengabuzima [4] .Mu gihe ushobora kwirinda kubona amazi kuri mudasobwa yawe cyangwa kuri terefone mu bihe byinshi, ntushobora kuyirinda ukoresheje imyenda yawe. Yaba imvura cyangwa imashini imesa, amazi byanze bikunze.Nyuma y'ibizamini bitandukanye kuri ingirabuzimafatizo-yubusa-selile na selile-selile-selile-selile-selile-selile-selile-selile-selile-selile zombi zashizwe mumazi muminota 120, hanzuwe ko imbaraga za selile ngengabuzima-yubusa-yubusa ari imikorere yo guhindura igabanuka gusa 5.4% .Ingirabuzimafatizo zagabanutseho 20.8% [5].
Igicapo 1. Ubushobozi busanzwe bwo guhindura imikorere nkigikorwa cyigihe cyo kwibiza. Utubari twibeshya ku gishushanyo tugereranya gutandukana bisanzwe bisanzwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwambere bwo guhindura imbaraga muri buri cyiciro [5].
Igishushanyo cya 2 cyerekana irindi terambere muri kaminuza ya Nottingham Trent, ingirabuzimafatizo ntoya ishobora kwinjizwa mu rudodo, hanyuma igahita iboha mu mwenda [2] .Bateri yose yashyizwe mu bicuruzwa yujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo ikoreshwe, nk'ibisabwa Uburebure bwa 3mm na 1.5mm z'ubugari inzira idasohoka cyangwa irakaza uruhu rwuwambaye.Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe bwagaragaje ko mu mwenda muto umeze nka 5cm ^ 2 yimyenda ishobora kuba irimo selile zirenga 200 gusa, bikaba byiza bitanga ingufu za volt 2,5 - 10, kandi yanzuye ko hari selile 2000 gusa Ingirabuzimafatizo zigomba kuba zishobora kwaka terefone zigendanwa [2].
Igicapo 2. Micro selile selile 3 mm z'uburebure na mm 1,5 z'ubugari (ifoto tuyikesha kaminuza ya Nottingham Trent) [2].
Imyenda ya Photovoltaque ihuza polimeri ebyiri zoroheje kandi zidahenze kugirango habeho imyenda ibyara ingufu.Icyambere muri ibyo bice byombi ni selile izuba rito, risarura ingufu zituruka ku zuba, naho icya kabiri kigizwe na nanogenerator, ihindura ingufu za mashini mu mashanyarazi [ . insinga ntoya y'umuringa kandi yinjijwe mu mwenda.
Ibanga ryihishe inyuma yibi bishya biri muri electrode ibonerana yibikoresho byoroshye bifotora.Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike ikora neza ni kimwe mu bigize selile zifotora zituma urumuri rwinjira mu kagari, bikongera igipimo cyo gukusanya urumuri. guhimba electrode iboneye, ikoreshwa muburyo bwiza bwo gukorera mu mucyo (> 80%) no kurwanya impapuro nziza ndetse no kubungabunga ibidukikije byiza [7] .I ITO ni ngombwa kuko ibiyigize byose biri hafi-byuzuye.Ikigereranyo cya umubyimba uhujwe no gukorera mu mucyo no kurwanya birwanya cyane ibisubizo bya electrode [7] .Imihindagurikire iyo ari yo yose ku kigereranyo izagira ingaruka mbi kuri electrode bityo imikorere. Urugero, kongera umubyimba wa electrode bigabanya gukorera mu mucyo no kurwanya, biganisha ku kwangirika kw'imikorere. Ariko, ITO nisoko itagira ingano ikoreshwa vuba.Ubushakashatsi bwakomeje gushakisha ubundi buryo butagerwaho gusaITO, ariko biteganijwe ko izarenga imikorere ya ITO [7].
Ibikoresho nka polymer substrate yahinduwe hamwe na okiside itwara ibintu mu mucyo imaze kwiyongera mubyamamare kugeza ubu.Ikibabaje, izi substrate zerekanwe ko zoroshye, zikomeye kandi ziremereye, bigabanya cyane guhinduka no gukora [7] .Abashakashatsi batanga igisubizo kuri ukoresheje fibre fibre imeze nkizuba risimburwa na electrode.Bateri ya fibrous igizwe na electrode hamwe ninsinga ebyiri zitandukanye zicyuma zigoretse kandi zigahuzwa nibikoresho bifatika byo gusimbuza electrode [7] .Ingirabuzimafatizo zikomeye zerekanye amasezerano kubera uburemere bwazo bworoshye , ariko ikibazo nukubura aho bahurira hagati yinsinga zicyuma, bigabanya aho bahurira bityo bikavamo imikorere mibi ya Photovoltaque [7].
Ibidukikije nabyo ni moteri ikomeye yo gukomeza ubushakashatsi. Muri iki gihe, isi yishingikiriza cyane ku masoko y’ingufu zidasubirwaho nk’ibicanwa by’ibinyabuzima, amakara n’amavuta. Guhindura icyerekezo kiva mu masoko y’ingufu zidashobora kongera ingufu kugeza ku masoko y’ingufu zishobora kubaho, harimo n’izuba, ni ishoramari rikenewe mugihe kizaza.Buri munsi abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni bishyuza terefone zabo, mudasobwa, mudasobwa zigendanwa, amasaha yubwenge hamwe nibikoresho byose bya elegitoroniki, kandi bagakoresha imyenda yacu kugirango bishyure ibyo bikoresho nukugenda gusa birashobora kugabanya gukoresha ibicanwa bya fosile.Mu gihe ibi bisa nkaho ntoya ku gipimo gito cyabantu 1 cyangwa 500, iyo igabanijwe kugeza kuri miriyoni icumi birashobora kugabanya cyane gukoresha ikoreshwa ryibicanwa.
Imirasire y'izuba mu mashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, harimo n'iyashyizwe hejuru y'amazu, izwiho gufasha mu gukoresha ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibicanwa biva mu kirere bikoreshwa cyane.Amerika. Kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye by'inganda ni ukubona ubutaka kuri kubaka iyi mirima.Urugo rusanzwe rushobora gusa gushyigikira imirasire y'izuba runaka, kandi umubare w'imirasire y'izuba ni muto.Mu turere dufite umwanya uhagije, abantu benshi bahora batinya kubaka urugomero rushya rw'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba kuko rufunga burundu ibishoboka nubushobozi bwandi mahirwe kubutaka, nkubucuruzi bushya.Hariho umubare munini wibikoresho bifotora bifotora bishobora kubyara amashanyarazi menshi vuba aha, kandi inyungu nyamukuru yimirima yizuba ireremba ni kugabanya ibiciro [8] .Niba ubutaka ntibukoreshwa, nta mpamvu yo guhangayikishwa nigiciro cyo kwishyiriraho hejuru y’amazu n’inyubako. Imirima yose izwi izuba ireremba iri ku mazi y’amazi, kandi mu gihe kizaza is birashoboka gushyira iyi mirima kumazi asanzwe.Ibigega byubukorikori bifite ibyiza byinshi bidakunze kugaragara mu nyanja [9] .Ibigega byakozwe n'abantu biroroshye gucunga, kandi hamwe n’ibikorwa remezo n’imihanda yabanjirije, imirima irashobora gushyirwaho gusa. Imirima y’izuba ireremba nayo yerekanwe ko itanga umusaruro kuruta imirasire y'izuba ishingiye ku butaka bitewe n'ubushyuhe butandukanye hagati y'amazi n'ubutaka [9] .Bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwihariye bw’amazi, ubuso bw’ubutaka buri hejuru cyane kuruta ubw'amazi, kandi ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwerekanye ko bugira ingaruka mbi kuri imikorere yikigereranyo cyo guhindura imirasire yizuba.Mu gihe ubushyuhe butagenzura uko urumuri rwizuba rwakiriye, bigira ingaruka ku mbaraga wakiriye ziva ku zuba. Ku mbaraga nke (ni ukuvuga ubushyuhe bukonje), electron ziri imbere yizuba zizaba zirimo leta iruhuka, hanyuma iyo izuba rirashe, bazagera kumunezero ushimishije [10] .Itandukaniro riri hagati yuburuhukiro na leta yishimye nuburyo ingufu zitangwa muri voltage.Ntabwo ishobora gusa izubaht gushimisha electron, ariko rero irashobora gushyuha.Niba ubushyuhe buzengurutse imirasire yizuba butanga ingufu za electron hanyuma bukabushyira muburyo buke bushimishije, voltage ntizaba nini mugihe urumuri rwizuba rukubise ikibaho [10] .Kubera ko ubutaka bwinjira kandi busohora ubushyuhe bworoshye kuruta amazi, electroni mumirasire yizuba kubutaka birashoboka ko yaba imeze neza cyane, hanyuma imirasire yizuba iherereye cyangwa hafi yumubiri wamazi akonje.Ubundi bushakashatsi bwerekanye ko ingaruka zo gukonjesha za amazi azengurutse imbaho zireremba zifasha kubyara ingufu zingana na 12.5% kuruta kubutaka [9].
Kugeza ubu, imirasire y'izuba yujuje 1% gusa by'ingufu zikenewe muri Amerika, ariko niba iyo mirima y'izuba yaratewe kugeza kuri kimwe cya kane cy'ibigega by'amazi byakozwe n'abantu, imirasire y'izuba yari kuzuza hafi 10% by'ingufu za Amerika zikenewe.Muri Colorado, aho ireremba panele yatangijwe vuba bishoboka, ibigega bibiri binini byamazi muri Colorado byatakaje amazi menshi kubera guhumeka, ariko mugushiraho ibyo bireremba bireremba, ibigega byabujijwe gukama kandi amashanyarazi yabyaye [11] .Nubwo kimwe cyijana cyabantu -ikigega cyakozwe gifite imirasire yizuba cyaba gihagije kubyara byibuze gigawatt 400 z'amashanyarazi, bihagije kugirango bitange amashanyarazi angana na miliyari 44 za LED mumwaka urenga.
Igicapo 4a cerekana iyongerekana ry'inguvu zitangwa na selile izuba ireremba ugereranije na shusho ya 4b.Mu gihe mu myaka icumi iheze habaye imirasire y'izuba ireremba mu myaka icumi ishize, baracyafite itandukaniro rinini cyane mu kubyara amashanyarazi.Mu gihe kizaza, iyo izuba rireremba ube mwinshi, ingufu zose zakozwe bivugwa ko zikubye gatatu kuva 0.5TW muri 2018 zikagera kuri 1.1TW mu mpera za 2022. [12].
Ibidukikije, iyi mirima izuba ireremba ifite akamaro kanini muburyo bwinshi. Usibye kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku bicanwa biva mu kirere, imirasire y'izuba inagabanya ubwinshi bw’umwuka n’izuba bigera hejuru y’amazi, bikaba bishobora gufasha guhindura imihindagurikire y’ikirere [9]. umurima ugabanya umuvuduko wumuyaga nizuba ryizuba bikubita hejuru y amazi byibuze 10% bishobora guhagarika imyaka icumi yubushyuhe bwisi [9] .Mu bijyanye n’ibinyabuzima n’ibidukikije, nta ngaruka nini nini bigaragara ko bigaragara. Ikibaho kibuza umuyaga mwinshi ibikorwa hejuru y’amazi, bityo bikagabanya isuri ku nkombe yuruzi, kurinda no gukangurira ibimera. Yarohamye munsi yumurongo wamafoto kugirango ushigikire ubuzima bwinyanja.panne ya Photovoltaque kumazi afunguye aho kuba ikigega cyakozwe n'abantu. Mugihe urumuri ruke rwizuba rwinjiye mumazi, bitera igabanuka ryikigereranyo cya fotosintezez, bikaviramo igihombo kinini cya phytoplankton na macrophyte.Kugabanuka kwibi bimera, ingaruka zinyamaswa munsi murwego rwibiryo, nibindi, biganisha ku nkunga y’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi [14] .Nubwo bitaraba, ibi birashobora gukumira ko hashobora kwangirika kwangiza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, ingaruka zikomeye z’imirasire y'izuba ireremba.
Kubera ko izuba ariryo soko rikomeye ryingufu, birashobora kugorana kubona uburyo bwo gukoresha izo mbaraga no kuzikoresha mugace kacu. kugura cyangwa kureremba imirasire y'izuba gusura ubungubu, ibyo ntibihindura ko ikoranabuhanga ridafite imbaraga nini cyangwa ejo hazaza heza. Kureremba imirasire y'izuba bifite inzira ndende yo kunyura mubinyabuzima kugirango bibe nkibisanzwe imirasire y'izuba hejuru y'amazu. Imirasire y'izuba ishobora kwambara ifite inzira ndende kugira ngo ibe rusange nk'imyenda twambara buri munsi.Mu gihe kizaza, biteganijwe ko izuba rizakoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi bitabaye ngombwa ko bihishwa hagati yacu imyenda.Nkuko ikoranabuhanga ritera imbere mumyaka mirongo iri imbere, ubushobozi bwinganda zuba zitagira iherezo.
Kubijyanye na Raj Shah Dr. Raj Shah ni umuyobozi wa sosiyete ya Koehler Instrument Company i New York, aho amaze imyaka 27. Akorera mugenzi we watowe na bagenzi be muri IChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSMTC, Institute of Institute Physics, Institute of Energy Research and the Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr. Shah wahawe igihembo cya Eagle Dr. 2020 - David Phillips - Amakuru yinganda za peteroli Ingingo - Petro Kumurongo (petro-online.com)
Dr. Shah afite impamyabumenyi ya PhD mu bijyanye n’ubuhanga mu bya shimi yakuye muri kaminuza ya Penn na Mugenzi w’ishuri rikuru ry’imiyoborere, London.Ni n'umuhanga mu bya siyansi w’inama y’ubumenyi, Umushoramari wa peteroli ukomoka mu kigo cy’ingufu n’inama y’Ubwongereza.Dr.Shah aherutse guhabwa icyubahiro nka injeniyeri w’icyubahiro na Tau beta Pi, sosiyete nini y’ubuhanga muri Amerika.Yari ku nama ngishwanama ya kaminuza ya Farmingdale (Tekinike y’ikoranabuhanga), kaminuza ya Auburn (Tribology), na kaminuza ya Stony Brook (Chemical Engineering / Ibikoresho Ubumenyi n'Ubwubatsi).
Raj ni umwarimu wungirije mu ishami ry’ibikoresho bya siyansi n’ubuhanga mu bya shimi muri SUNY Stony Brook, yasohoye ingingo zirenga 475 kandi amaze imyaka isaga 3. akora mu bijyanye n’ingufu. Andi makuru yerekeye Raj murayasanga ku muyobozi wa sosiyete ya Koehler Instrument Company yatowe nka Mugenzi mu kigo mpuzamahanga cya fiziki Petro Online (petro-online.com)
Madamu Mariz Baslious na Bwana Blerim Gashi ni abanyeshuri biga ibijyanye n’imashini muri SUNY, naho Dr. Raj Shah ayoboye inama ngishwanama yo hanze ya kaminuza.Mariz na Blerim bagize gahunda yo kwimenyereza umwuga igenda yiyongera muri Koehler Instrument, Inc. i Holtzville, NY, ko ishishikariza abanyeshuri kumenya byinshi ku isi y’ikoranabuhanga rikoresha ingufu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-12-2022
